The Cold War’s Lessons and The Effects
Introduction
As everyone who knows me or follows me on social media is aware, I have a deep passion for history, particularly the Cold War.
This is due partially to the fact that I grew up in communism, preparing myself to become a true communist officer in the Yugoslav People’s Army, and then in 1991 fought against communism for freedom and democracy.
Naturally, I learned from my grandfather, the leader of the Communist Party and the intelligence services.
The Cold War ended more than 30 years ago, along with the history of the GDR and the partition of Germany.
The Cold War
One way to characterize the Cold War is as a separate era:
On the other hand, the conflict between party and state socialism contrasts with the West’s representative democracy and free market economy.
The prosThe threat of mutual annihilation—specifically, the use of weapons systems that would endanger humanity—caused all of this.
In addition to this, both alliance regimes maintained sizable armaments stockpiles in both East and West Germany.
The security of entire alliance systems had never before depended on the simultaneous bankruptcy of a rival social model and the worldwide expansion of their own.
To prove their superiority in the fierce rivalry between the systems, modern societies have never previously devoted so much money to the army, economics, science, education, propaganda, and culture.
They have never attempted to expel one another from distant parts of the globe.
The world powers and their allies have never before acted as though they were at war for decades without engaging in direct combat.
The second half of the 20th century is distinct in this regard.
The Berlin Wall
Seeing the Berlin Wall, that Cold War icon, was one of my dreams.
The German Democratic Republic’s communist government created the Berlin Wall in 1961 to stop East German migrants from moving into democratic West Germany.
This defensive barrier of trenches, concrete barricades, and observation stations, which spanned about 46 km, effectively split Berlin in two.
During the Cold War, the Berlin Wall came to represent the Iron Curtain, the physical and ideological barrier separating the democratic West from the communist East.
But as the 1960s came to an end, communist influence started to wane as the US started to move faster to become the first unchallenged superpower in history.
Berliners who were permitted to cross the border on November 9, 1989, tore down the Berlin Wall, a well-known representation of communism worldwide, in November 1989.
By October 3, 1990, East and West Germany had reunited. Following these occurrences, the Cold War progressively slowed down before coming to an end in 1991 with the fall of the Soviet Union.
The Cold War “Historical Place”
To clarify, the Cold War did not cause everything that happened in the world.
Additionally, industrialization, globalization, and decolonization would have occurred in different contexts, most likely in a different shape, but with equal force.
The political rivalry between the superpowers was at best parallel to many of the wars fought after 1945, as were domestic political turning points like the American civil rights movement, the South African anti-apartheid movement, or the uprising, “Generation 68,” in Asia, the US, and Europe, and international environmental campaigns that would exert pressure on established policies even in the absence of ties to peace activists and other Cold War critics.
The function of nuclear weapons
The Cold War’s “fuel” was nuclear weapons, together with armament, arms control, and disarmament.
The core of the Cold War emerged in August 1949 when the USSR tested its first nuclear weapon, ending the American monopoly.
The danger of mutual destruction now settled the conflict over incompatible worldviews.
Furthermore, a deadly notion took hold: nuclear weapons are an essential political tool for anyone hoping to project credibility as a superpower.
The development of a thermonuclear superweapon in the United States, which releases energy through nuclear fusion rather than nuclear fission, was sped up by the news of the Soviet atomic bomb.
The spring 1954 test of the hydrogen bomb, which weighed 15 megatons, was 750 times more explosive than its predecessor, which was used against Hiroshima.
Seven years later, the USSR tested a “Tsar Bomba” that was 64 kilometres high and had a 50-megaton capacity.
A growing number of nations aimed for nuclear weapons
By the late 1960s, France, the United Kingdom, the People’s Republic of China, and Israel became nuclear powers as well. India, Pakistan, and North Korea followed.
Furthermore, it is impossible to overestimate the psychological significance of nuclear weapons, as they strengthened perceptions of the enemy, increased fear of dangers, and promoted mistrust between people.
They should be viewed as the primary “fuel” of the Cold War for this very reason.
Cold War Crisis Escalation and De-Escalation
Severe political and military problems marked the midpoint of the Cold War.
They frequently deployed military personnel and placed nuclear bombers, intercontinental missiles, and submarines on alert.
We used escalation scenarios to apply pressure, intimidate, or even expose the other party to unexpected hazards.
Some of the wars took place on Europe’s “central front” during the Cold War, while others occurred in the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Just as the persons and locations changed, so did the causes and reasons.
Relations between the powerful nations and their most important allies were also surprisingly tense.
At the time, the Soviet leadership was skilled at manipulating international tensions and crises to control alliance strategies. In many cases, people behind the scenes in Eastern Europe, particularly in the GDR, perceived Moscow’s rapprochement with class rivals in the West as a threat to their domestic political order and hence opposed it.
Similarly, the United States could not be certain of the discipline of its political allies. There is extensive documentation of Great Britain’s and France’s unilateral acts, including their participation in the “little thaw” in the mid-1950s.
In internal meetings, Canada and the Scandinavian NATO members constantly explored alternatives to “power politics.”
In any case, whether crises and confrontations were initiated or contained depended on volatile constellations and interests whose direction was difficult to forecast.
The Third World’s “Hot Wars”
The Cold War was more than just the conflict between the big powers and what most of us associate with Europe.
Third World nations were also not unaffected by this “rivalry.”
Tribal battles, civil wars, and regional power struggles frequently determined whether people were freed from colonial domination.
However, East and West typically took political sides, sending military advisors, mercenaries, and occasionally their own troops to back their preferred candidates with cash and weapons.
Both blocs’ attempts to establish political, economic, and military bases throughout the Third World exacerbated and unnaturally prolonged local disputes.
Superpower participation frequently granted the recipients unanticipated freedom of movement.
Environmental pollutants and genetic material damage (Vietnam), widely concealed mines (Angola), population declines (Cambodia, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala), and political radicalization (Afghanistan) are only a few of the lasting effects of the Cold War’s hot conflicts.
The Cold War’s End and Legacy
In various forms, the Cold War persisted in both the East and the West.
When I visited Berlin in the middle of 2024, I saw this myself.
In addition to the structures that were established to meet the demands of the Cold War and kept it going for nearly fifty years, thought patterns, feelings of uncertainty, hostile images, and stereotypes do not go away overnight, let alone thirty years later.